Combinatorial Patterning of Chromatin Regulators Uncovered by Genome-wide Location Analysis in Human Cells

SummaryHundreds of chromatin regulators (CRs) control chromatin structure and function by catalyzing and binding histone modifications, yet the rules governing these key processes remain obscure. Here, we present a systematic approach to infer CR function. We developed ChIP-string, a meso-scale assay that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation with a signature readout of 487 representative loci. We applied ChIP-string to screen 145 antibodies, thereby identifying effective reagents, which we used to map the genome-wide binding of 29 CRs in two cell types. We found that specific combinations of CRs colocalize in characteristic patterns at distinct chromatin environments, at genes of coherent functions, and at distal regulatory elements. When comparing between cell types, CRs redistribute to different loci but maintain their modular and combinatorial associations. Our work provides a multiplex method that substantially enhances the ability to monitor CR binding, presents a large resource of CR maps, and reveals common principles for combinatorial CR function.

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload high-quality image (294 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► We present a systematic approach to infer chromatin regulator (CR) function
► CR organization is modular and combinatorial; CR modules hold opposing activities
► Specific CR combinations bind in defined patterns at genes of coherent functions
► CRs maintain their modular and combinatorial associations between cells types