Maternal Epigenetic Pathways Control Parental Contributions to Arabidopsis Early Embryogenesis

SummaryDefining the contributions and interactions of paternal and maternal genomes during embryo development is critical to understand the fundamental processes involved in hybrid vigor, hybrid sterility, and reproductive isolation. To determine the parental contributions and their regulation during Arabidopsis embryogenesis, we combined deep-sequencing-based RNA profiling and genetic analyses. At the 2–4 cell stage there is a strong, genome-wide dominance of maternal transcripts, although transcripts are contributed by both parental genomes. At the globular stage the relative paternal contribution is higher, largely due to a gradual activation of the paternal genome. We identified two antagonistic maternal pathways that control these parental contributions. Paternal alleles are initially downregulated by the chromatin siRNA pathway, linked to DNA and histone methylation, whereas transcriptional activation requires maternal activity of the histone chaperone complex CAF1. Our results define maternal epigenetic pathways controlling the parental contributions in plant embryos, which are distinct from those regulating genomic imprinting.

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload high-quality image (302 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► The early Arabidopsis embryonic transcriptome has a dominant maternal contribution
► The paternal contribution increases gradually during early embryogenesis
► Parental contributions are maternally controlled by the chromatin siRNA pathway
► Paternal activation requires maternal activity of histone chaperone complex CAF1