Adaptive Natural Killer Cell and Killer Cell Immunoglobulin–Like Receptor–Expressing T Cell Responses are Induced by Cytomegalovirus and Are Associated with Protection against Cytomegalovirus Reactivation after Allogeneic Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transpla

• Cytomegalovirus-seropositive and reactivated hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients have increased levels of adaptive natural killer cells
• Expansion of cells with the adaptive phenotype also seen in CD56+ and CD56− T cells
• Adaptive lymphocytes increase in seropositive recipients of sibling but not umbilical cord blood hematopoietic cell transplantation
• Seropositive sibling hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients have a lower cytomegalovirus reactivation rate than umbilical cord blood recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivates in >30% of CMV-seropositive patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Previously, we reported an increase of natural killer (NK) cells expressing NKG2C, CD57, and inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptors (KIRs) in response to CMV reactivation after HCT. These NK cells persist after the resolution of infection and display “adaptive” or memory properties. Despite these findings, the differential impact of persistent/inactive versus reactivated CMV on NK versus T cell maturation after HCT from different graft sources has not been defined. We compared the phenotype of NK and T cells from 292 recipients of allogeneic sibling (n = 118) or umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 174) grafts based on recipient pretransplantation CMV serostatus and post-HCT CMV reactivation. This cohort was utilized to evaluate CMV-dependent increases in KIR-expressing NK cells exhibiting an adaptive phenotype (NKG2C+CD57+). Compared with CMV-seronegative recipients, those who reactivated CMV had the highest adaptive cell frequencies, whereas intermediate frequencies were observed in CMV-seropositive recipients harboring persistent/nonreplicating CMV. The same effect was observed in T cells and CD56+ T cells. These adaptive lymphocyte subsets were increased in CMV-seropositive recipients of sibling but not UCB grafts and were correlated with lower rates of CMV reactivation (sibling 33% versus UCB 51%; P < .01). These data suggest that persistent/nonreplicating recipient CMV induces rapid production of adaptive NK and T cells from mature cells from sibling but not UCB grafts. These adaptive lymphocytes are associated with protection from CMV reactivation.