Gossypol suppresses NF-κB activity and NF-κB-related gene expression in human leukemia U937 cells

Recent studies indicate that gossypol possesses potent antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays an important role in tumor cell growth, proliferation, invasion, and survival. In this study, we investigated the effects and the molecular mechanisms of gossypol on NF-κB activation and NF-κB-related gene expression in human leukemia U937 cells. Treatment with concentrations of gossypol greater than 10 μM resulted in significant cell cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis. Treatment with 10 μM gossypol also induced caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and resulted in the induction of apoptosis in approximately 20% of cells as determined by annexin-V staining 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, gossypol exposure decreased the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with gossypol also downregulated expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products, including inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-1, IAP-2, and X-linked IAP. Attenuation of NF-κB activity by pretreatment with PDTC, an NF-κB nuclear translocation inhibitor, significantly induced apoptosis in the presence of gossypol. Gossypol also suppressed NF-κB p65 mRNA accumulation, resulting in suppression of total NF-κB activity. This was associated with a downregulation of Sp1-binding activity, a transcription factor controlling p65 transcription. These results suggest that gossypol-induced apoptosis partially involves suppression of NF-κB activity.