Chromosomal aberrations in a fish, Channa punctata after in vivo exposure to three heavy metals

The studies were designed to assess the extent of chromosomal aberrations (CA) under the exposure of three common heavy metalic compounds, viz. mercuric chloride, arsenic trioxide and copper sulphate pentahydrate, in vivo using fish, Channa punctata (2n = 32), as a test model. Prior acclimatized fishes were divided into five groups. Group I and II served as negative and positive control, respectively. An intramuscular injection of Mitomycin-C (@ 1 mg/kg body wt.) was administered to group II only. Fishes of groups III, IV and V were subjected to sublethal concentrations (10% of 96 h LC50), of HgCl2 (0.081 mg/L), As2O3 (6.936 mg/L) and CuSO4·5H2O (0.407 mg/L). Fishes of all the groups were exposed uninterrupted for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h. Observations of kidney cells of exposed fishes revealed chromatid and chromosome breaks, chromatid and chromosome gaps along with ring and di-centric chromosomes. A significant increase over negative control in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) was observed in fish exposed to Mitomycin-C, Hg(II), As(III) and Cu(II). As the average ± SE total number of CA, average number of CA per metaphase and %incidence of aberrant cells in Hg(II) was 104.40 ± 8.189, 0.347 ± 0.027 and 10.220 ± 0.842, respectively; in As(III) 109.20 ± 8.309, 0.363 ± 0.027 and 10.820 ± 2.347, respectively and in Cu(II) 89.00 ± 19.066, 0.297 ± 0.028 and 8.900 ± 0.853, respectively. Hence, it reveals that the order of induction of frequency of CA was Cu < Hg < As. The findings depict genotoxic potential of these metals even in sublethal concentrations.