Equilibrium and kinetics of heavy metal ion exchange

Ion exchange has a great potential to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewaters or heavy metal-containing sludge. In order to design and operate heavy metal removal processes, the equilibrium relationship between ions and resin must be known a prior. A series of ion-exchange equilibrium tests of Cu2+/H+, Zn2+/H+, and Cd2+/H+ systems using Amberlite IR-120 were performed. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, and selectivity coefficient approaches. The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change, and entropy change were calculated. By comparison of the selectivity coefficients, the affinity sequence to IR-120 is Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > H+. Moreover, in order to understand the heavy metal extraction kinetics in the presence of Amberlite IR-120, the ion-exchange kinetics was also studied. The ion-exchange kinetic data were regressed by the pseudo first-order, second-order models, and a reversible reaction model. The activation energies calculated from the rate coefficients at different temperatures are 15.41, 7.04, and 17.01 kJ/mol for copper, zinc, and cadmium, respectively. Although the pseudo first- and second-order models are easier to use for data analysis, the resultant model parameters depend on operating conditions. The reversible reaction model is capable to predict the effects of resin to solution ratio, initial heavy metal concentration, and temperature on the ion-exchange kinetic curves.