MADD-2, a Homolog of the Opitz Syndrome Protein MID1, Regulates Guidance to the Midline through UNC-40 in Caenorhabditis elegans

SummaryThe body muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans extend plasma membrane extensions called muscle arms to the midline motor axons to form the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. Through a screen for muscle arm development defective (Madd) mutants, we previously discovered that the UNC-40/DCC guidance receptor directs muscle arm extension through the Rho-GEF UNC-73. Here, we describe a gene identified through our mutant screen called madd-2, and show that it functions in an UNC-40 pathway. MADD-2 is a C1-TRIM protein and a homolog of human MID1, mutations in which cause Opitz Syndrome. We demonstrate that MADD-2 functions cell autonomously to direct muscle and axon extensions to the ventral midline of worms. Our results suggest that MADD-2 may enhance UNC-40 pathway activity by facilitating an interaction between UNC-40 and UNC-73. The analogous phenotypes that result from MADD-2 and MID1 mutations suggest that C1-TRIM proteins may have a conserved biological role in midline-oriented developmental events.

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload high-quality image (113 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► MADD-2 acts cell-autonomously to direct membrane extensions to the midline
► MADD-2 is a C1-TRIM protein and localizes to the leading edge
► MADD-2 functions with UNC-40 to guide membrane extension
► MADD-2 may facilitate interaction between UNC-40 and the RhoGEF UNC-73