The C. elegans SYS-1 Protein Is a Bona Fide β-Catenin

SummaryC. elegans SYS-1 has key functional characteristics of a canonical β-catenin, but no significant sequence similarity. Here, we report the SYS-1 crystal structure, both on its own and in a complex with POP-1, the C. elegans TCF homolog. The two structures possess signature features of canonical β-catenin and the β-catenin/TCF complex that could not be predicted by sequence. Most importantly, SYS-1 bears 12 armadillo repeats and the SYS-1/POP-1 interface is anchored by a conserved salt-bridge, the “charged button.” We also modeled structures for three other C. elegans β-catenins to predict the molecular basis of their distinct binding properties. Finally, we generated a phylogenetic tree, using the region of highest structural similarity between SYS-1 and β-catenin, and found that SYS-1 clusters robustly within the β-catenin clade. We conclude that the SYS-1 protein belongs to the β-catenin family and suggest that additional divergent β-catenins await discovery.