The evaluation of cyclic uniaxial strain on myogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells

It has been revealed that skeletal muscle cells have the potential to generate, sense and respond to biomechanical signals and that, mechanical force is one of the important factors influencing proliferation, differentiation, regeneration and homeostasis of skeletal muscle cells and myoblasts. The aim of this study was to illustrate the effect of cyclic uniaxial strain on myogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). This study was designed to investigate this effect within 3 days in 4 groups: control (untreated), chemical, chemical-mechanical and mechanical based on exposure of ASCs to chemical growth factors for 3 days or to mechanical strain just on the 2nd day. Finally, cell orientation, muscle-related gene expression, myosin protein synthesis and the number of myosin-positive cells were examined to estimate the rate of differentiation. By studying the cells before and after exposure to uniaxial strain, it could be observed that by exerting the load, the cells were organized almost perpendicularly to strain direction. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that uniaxial strain had a significant effect on up-regulation of muscle-related genes in chemical–mechanical group (P < 0.001) as compared to mechanical or chemical groups. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the myosin-positive cells in treated groups and the numbers of these cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. These data suggest that uniaxial cyclic strain could affect ASCs and cause their myogenic differentiation and that the combination of chemical myogenic differentiation factors with mechanical signals promotes differentiation much more than differentiation by chemical myogenic differentiation factors or mechanical signals alone.