Preconcentration and speciation of vanadium by three phases liquid–liquid microextraction prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

We developed a new method three phase liquid–liquid microextraction (TPLLME) for simultaneous speciation of vanadium. This efforts were launched to know the species and aqueous transport chemistry of the binary V-(1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) complex across the interface of the three phases. Various analytical parameters were optimized. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.034 μg L−1 and 0.028 μg L−1 for V(V) and V(IV) with preconcentration factor of 100. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was found 4.32% for V(V) and 4.22% for V(IV). The proposed method was applied to species of vanadium successfully in sea water and tap water samples. The method was also applied to certified reference material and food samples for total vanadium determination.