Relationships between thyroid status, tissue oxidative metabolism, and muscle differentiation in bovine fetuses

The temporal relationships between thyroid status and differentiation of liver, heart and different skeletal muscles were examined in 42 bovine fetuses from day 110 to day 260 of development using principal component analysis of the data. Plasma concentrations of reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4) increased during development from day 110 to day 210 or 260, respectively, whereas concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and hepatic type-1 5′-deiodinase activity (5′D1) increased from day 180 onwards. On day 260, high T4 and rT3 and low T3 concentrations were observed together with a mature 5′D1 activity. Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity expressed per mg protein increased at day 180 in masseter and near birth in masseter, rectus abdominis and cutaneus trunci muscles (P < 0.05). Significant changes in citrate synthase (CS) activity per mg protein were observed between day 110 and day 180 in the liver and between day 210 and day 260 in the liver, the heart and the longissimus thoracis muscle (P < 0.05). Muscle contractile differentiation was shown by the disappearance of the fetal myosin heavy chain from day 180 onwards. A positive correlation (r > 0.47, P < 0.01) was shown between thyroid status parameters (5′D1, concentrations of T4 and T3) and COX activity in muscles known to be oxidative after birth (masseter, rectus abdominis) but not in liver and heart, nor in muscles known to be glycolytic after birth (cutaneus trunci, longissimus thoracis). A similar correlation was found between thyroid parameters and CS activity in liver and masseter. Results indicate that elevation of plasma T3 concentrations in the last gestational trimester could be involved in the differentiation of oxidative skeletal muscles.