Mass transport phenomena in direct methanol fuel cells

Clean and highly efficient energy production has long been sought to solve energy and environmental problems. Fuel cells, which convert the chemical energies stored in fuel directly into electrical energy, are expected to be a key enabling technology for this century. This article is concerned with one of the most advanced fuel cells – direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). We present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art studies of mass transport of different species, including the reactants (methanol, oxygen and water) and the products (water and carbon dioxide) in DMFCs. Rather than elaborating on the details of the previous numerical modeling and simulation, the article emphasizes: i) the critical mass-transport issues that need to be addressed so that the performance and operating stability of DMFCs can be upgraded, ii) the basic mechanisms that control the mass-transport behaviors of reactants and products in this type of fuel cell, and iii) the previous experimental and numerical findings regarding the correlation between the mass transport of each species and cell performance.