Immune-related effects from predation risk in Neotropical blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina)

• Predation for Neotropical birds is a major cause of nest failure.
• Non-lethal predation costs affect the behavior and fitness of individuals.
• We assessed non-lethal predation costs in immune response and plumage development.
• We found that birds exposed to predator vocalizations exhibited an immune reaction.
• Feather color and growth were not affected by exposure to predator vocalizations.

Predation is a major force shaping natural history traits of birds because of their vulnerability during nesting and higher visibility during diurnal activities. For most birds in the Neotropics, predation is the major cause of nest failure due to the region's high diversity and abundance of predators. The blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), similarly to other small passerines in the savanna region of central Brazil, suffers extremely high rates of nest predation. Additionally, males may be particularly vulnerable to predators since they are very conspicuous when executing courtship displays. We assessed some of the non-lethal costs of predation risk on this species by comparing physiological and morphological parameters of birds exposed to predator vocalizations with that of control subjects exposed to non-predator vocalizations. Birds exposed to the predator vocalizations exhibited an immune-related reaction (changes in their H/L ratio), but no changes were observed in other biological parameters measured.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neotropical Behaviour.