Membrane processes in dairy technology—From a simple idea to worldwide panacea

Membrane technology has been applied in the dairy industry since the early 1970s. The applications of membrane processes are used as alternative to some unit operations, in the solving of separation issues and in the development of new dairy products. The contemporary pressure-driven membrane units include microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) and the main applications are related to dairy-based protein ingredients, pre-concentration of milk before cheese manufacture and alternative technology for extending shelf life of milk. The development of value-added products from minor milk compounds represents one of the most promising applications of membranes in dairy. Important challenges worldwide face membrane technologies in the near future.