Reproductive physiology and infertility in male South American camelids: A review and clinical observations

Male South American camelids exhibit several distinctive behavioral and physiological reproductive characteristics. This paper describes the anatomical features of the male reproductive tract and a detailed review of puberty, spermatogenesis and factors affecting semen production. Methods of semen collection and parameters of sperm morphology and semen biochemistry are also described. The most common abnormalities and diseases associated with reduced fertility and infertility are presented based on the authors clinical experience.