Load distribution in threads of porous metal–ceramic functionally graded composite joints subjected to thermomechanical loading

Metal–ceramic functionally graded materials (FGMs) have been extensively used in aerospace engineering where high strength and excellent heat insulation materials are desired. In this paper, load distribution in threads of the Thermal Protection System used bolted joint made up of porous ZrO2/(ZrO2 + Ni) FGMs is investigated by ABAQUS codes. The bolted joint is subjected to reentry heating corresponding to the Access to Space Vehicle. Effects of bolt–nut parameters including thread tooth profile, thread pitch, and modulus ratio of bolt to nut on load distribution in threads are analyzed in detail. It is found that uneven load distribution in threads occurs at elevated temperature, which mainly focuses on the first two threads closest to the nut bearing surface, with the first thread carrying 74% of the total load. Bolt–nut parameters have great effects on load distribution in threads, with trapezoidal thread, extra fine thread and greater modulus ratio of bolt to nut leading to more evenly distributed load. Further studies show that nut shape has significant effects on load distribution in threads, the optimized nut is designed to make the maximum load bearing ratio of the thread decrease to 30.21%, and thus the service reliability of the bolted joint is greatly improved.