Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Nasal Versus Intravenous Midazolam in Healthy Dutch Volunteers: A Single-Dose, Randomized-Sequence, Open-Label, 2-Period Crossover Pilot Study

BackgroundIntranasal (IN) midazolam is a potential alternative to rectal diazepam for the acute treatment of epileptic seizures.ObjectiveThe purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of IN midazolam (50 mg/mL) compared with intravenous (IV) midazolam (2.5 mg) in healthy adult volunteers.MethodsIn this single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, 2-period crossover pilot study subjects were randomly assigned to receive IN or IV midazolam, with a washout period of at least 5 days between treatments. The 50-mg/mL IN midazolam formulation consisted of 5 mg midazolam base per 0.1 mL (1 spray) and was administered once in 1 nostril. The IV midazolam solution (2.5 mg) was infused over 10 seconds. Blood samples were taken before and at regular intervals up to 240 minutes after dosing. Pharmacokinetic data (ie, Cmax, Tmax, t½, and AUC) were analyzed using a 2-compartment model.ResultsOf 9 volunteers screened and enrolled, 7 completed the study (mean age 34.1 [9.0] years; mean weight, 68.6 [10.4] kg, range 53–89 kg; 6 men, 3 women; all white). The mean Cmax of 78 (40) ng/mL was reached 44 minutes after IN administration, whereas the mean Cmax was 51 (5) ng/mL after IV administration. The mean estimated Ct=5 min was 31.4 (28.1) ng/mL after IN administration. The elimination t½ was 1.9 (0.41) hours for IN midazolam and 2.3 (0.19) hours for IV midazolam. The bioavailability of IN midazolam was 82%. There were few adverse events, with a local burning feeling in the nose being the most reported event (6 of 7 subjects).ConclusionsIn this select group of healthy volunteers, concentrations of midazolam >30 ng/mL were reached within 5 minutes of IN administration at a dose of 5 mg/0.1 mL. A burning feeling in the nostril was the main adverse effect. Additional research is needed to evaluate the safety profile, convenience, satisfaction, and efficacy of nasal midazolam in the treatment of adults with seizures. This trial is registered at www.isrctn.org, No. ISRCTN79059168.