Bradykinin in ischemic conditioning-induced tissue protection: Evidences and possible mechanisms

Ischemic conditioning is an intrinsic protective mechanism in which repeated short episodes of reversible ischemia protects the tissue and increases its tolerance against a subsequent longer period of ischemia (index ischemia). Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kallikrein–kinin system. Besides the involvement of bradykinin in a variety of physiological and pathological responses such as pain, inflammation and in cardiovascular system as a potent vasodilator, it also acts as an endogenous cytoprotective mediator in the ischemic tissue. Pretreatment with various pharmacological modulators of bradykinin has confirmed the involvement of bradykinin in ischemic conditioning-induced protection. The protective actions of bradykinin in three major paradigms of ischemic conditioning i.e. ischemic preconditioning, ischemic postconditioning and remote ischemic preconditioning involves activation and regulation of various endogenous signaling cascades to render the heart resistant to infarction. In ischemic preconditioning, bradykinin exerts cardioprotective effect via activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway and regulation of redox state via NO release. The role of bradykinin and its B2 receptors in ischemic-postconditioning induced neuroprotection has been described mainly due to its increased redox signaling cascade and activation of mitochondrial anti-apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, its cardioprotective role during remote ischemic preconditioning has been associated with activation of B2 receptors mediated neurogenic pathway and internalization of B2 receptors along with the formation of signalosomes that activates intracellular cytoprotective transduction pathways. The present review focuses on the potential role of bradykinin in mediating different forms of ischemic conditioning (pre/post/remote)-induced cardioprotection and neuroprotection along with the possible mechanisms.