Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 activates apoptosis during testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in a nuclear factor-κB-independent manner

These results suggest that testicular-I/R triggers also a pathway of organ damage involving MAPK3/MAPK1, TNF-α, BAX, caspase-3 and -9 that activates an apoptotic machinery in an NF-κB independent manner. These findings should contribute to better understand testicular torsion-induced damage.