Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species

Recent studies have shown that treatment of rodents with agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α causes an up-regulation of novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2, a carnitine transporter, and increases carnitine concentration in the liver. This study was performed to investigate whether such effects occur also in pigs which like humans have a lower expression of PPARα and are less responsive to treatment with PPARα agonists than rodents. An experiment with 18 pigs was performed which were fed a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 5 g clofibrate/kg for 28 days. Pigs treated with clofibrate had higher relative mRNA concentrations of OCTN2 in liver (3.1-fold), skeletal muscle (1.5-fold) and epithelial cells from small intestine (1.8-fold) than control pigs (P < 0.05). Pigs treated with clofibrate had also higher concentrations of free and total carnitine in the liver and a higher concentration of free carnitine in skeletal muscle than control pigs (P < 0.05). Concentrations of γ-butyrobetaine, the precursor of endogenous formation of carnitine, in liver, muscle and plasma did not differ between both groups; the activity of γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase, the rate limiting enzyme of carnitine synthesis, in the liver was lower in pigs treated with clofibrate than in control pigs (P < 0.05). This study shows for the first time that treatment with a PPARα agonist causes an up-regulation of OCTN2 in liver, muscle and enterocytes from small intestine of pigs. This in turn increases carnitine concentrations in liver and muscle probably by enhancing carnitine uptake into cells.