Finite element model for piles in liquefiable ground

This paper develops a three dimensional finite element modelling method for piles in liquefiable ground and applies it to the analysis of seismic pile responses. A unified plasticity model for large post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand provides the basis for the effective and efficient modelling of liquefiable ground. Special attention is dedicated towards the modelling of piles and soil–pile interface to accurately reflect the behaviour of piles. A staged modelling procedure is adopted to appropriately generate the initial conditions for the soil and piles and achieve hydrostatic pore pressure prior to seismic loading. Three centrifuge shaking table tests on single piles, both with and without pile cap and superstructure, in level and inclined liquefiable ground are conducted and simulated in validation and application of the proposed method. Further studies to investigate the effects of pile cap, lateral spreading, and non-liquefiable surface layer are undertaken numerically using the validated method. The results show these aforementioned factors to be influential in the dynamic and residual response of piles in liquefiable ground.