Pain Interventions in Premature Infants: What Is Conclusive Evidence and What Is Not

This article is the second of a two-part series that focuses on interventions to decrease pain related to common procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit. In part one, the focus was on the etiology of pain, sources of pain, short- and long-term consequences, and currently used assessment tools. In this part, an introduction of evidence-based practice is discussed, along with current pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management strategies. Recommendations are offered on what is considered conclusive evidence and what is not.