Vitamin K Antagonist–associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Lessons from a Devastating Disease in the Dawn of the New Oral Anticoagulants

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most feared complication associated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). We performed a retrospective study on the clinicoradiologic characteristics that influence its outcome.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical histories and neuroimaging studies of all patients attended at the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias in 2010-2011 who had an ICH while being on VKA and analyzed the differential characteristics between patients with acceptable versus poor outcomes attending to 3 end points: death, poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≥ 4) at discharge, and poor outcome 3 months later. Additionally, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores (validated tools for prediction of the risk of stroke and major hemorrhage, respectively, in patients with atrial fibrillation) were calculated to assess a priori risk–benefit balance for anticoagulant therapy.ResultsEighty patients entered the sample (median age of 79 years). A priori annual risk of major bleeding surpassed ischemic stroke risk—without anticoagulation—only in 4. Fifty percent of the patients had an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score lower than 13; in 51.3%, initial international normalized ratio was above their therapeutic range. Median hematoma size was 24.75 cc3; relevant growth (≥33%) occurred in 29.4% of patients with a second computed tomography scan. On multivariable analysis, overall in-hospital mortality (47.5%) was related to prior antiplatelet therapy (P = .008), GCS (P = .001), and perilesional edema size (P = .036). Baseline mRS (P = .058) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (P = .008) were associated with poor outcome at discharge (77.5%). Initial NIHSS (P = .005) and glycemia (P = .038) predicted 3-month poor outcome (68.3%). VKA reversal was performed in almost all patients, which prevented assessment of its therapeutic value.ConclusionsVKA-associated ICH presents in a particularly vulnerable population and has a poor prognosis that may be reliably predicted by several clinicoradiologic features.