Anxiety, Anger, and Mortality Risk among Survivors of Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundAlthough there is evidence that anxiety and anger are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, studies examining the relationship between these stressors and prognosis following myocardial infarction have been mixed.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 1968 participants (average age 60.2 years, 30.6% women) in the Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study recruited at the time of admission for myocardial infarction between 1989 and 1996. We used the state anxiety and anger subscales of the State-Trait Personality Inventory. Participants were followed for all-cause mortality through December 31, 2007 using the National Death Index. We constructed multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and clinical confounders and calculated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine the relationship between high levels of anxiety and anger and all-cause mortality.ResultsOver 10 years of follow-up, 525 participants died. Compared with those scoring lower, an anxiety score >90th percentile was associated with a 1.31-times (95% CI, 0.93-1.84) higher mortality rate. The association was apparent in the first 3 years (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.08-2.93), but not thereafter. Likewise, an anger score >90th percentile was associated with a 1.25-times (95% CI, 0.87-1.80) higher mortality rate. The association was higher in the first 3 years (HR 1.58; 95% CI, 0.91-2.74) than in subsequent years, but it was not statistically significant during either follow-up period.ConclusionsIn this study of myocardial infarction survivors, a high level of anxiety was associated with all-cause mortality, with the strongest association in the first 3 years of follow-up.