Antihistamine-resistant Angioedema in Women with Negative Family History: Estrogens and F12 Gene Mutations

Women with recurrent angioedema unresponsive to antihistamines may have idiopathic angioedema or, more rarely, hereditary angioedema with F12 mutations. Both conditions may be provoked or aggravated by exogenous estrogens. In idiopathic angioedema, treatment with progestins may be helpful.