کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
---|---|---|---|---|
2743298 | 1567119 | 2009 | 5 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |
![عکس صفحه اول مقاله: Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting](/preview/png/2743298.png)
The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or post-operative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the CNS or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D2, 5-HT3, histamine H1 and neurokinin NK1 receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Journal: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine - Volume 10, Issue 12, December 2009, Pages 597–601