Introduction of modern endocrine techniques for the production of monosex population of fishes

Of the techniques available to mass-produce a sterile or monosex population, the hormonal induction of sex reversal is the most widely practiced. This paper presents the synthesis of works done on sex reversal using 17α methyltestosterone (17αMT), 17β estradiol, non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and oestrogen receptor agonist, tamoxifen in commercially important aquaculture species mossambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, common carp Cyprinus carpio, mahseer Tor putitora and African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Results on sex reversal for producing female T. putitora delineated that treatment to fry of T. putitora 60 days post fertilization (60 dpf) with 17β estradiol (150 mg/kg feed) fetched 69.5% female population. Further, raised temperature (23 ± 1 °C) five degrees above ambient temperature brought about 37.5% female populations which was above the control (24.4% females). Feeding tilapia O. mossambicus fry after yolk sac absorption stage (8 dpf) with 17αMT incorporated diet (35 mg/kg feed) under long photoperiod (16L:8D) for 60 days obtained 100% sex reversed males with excellent growth. Treatment with tamoxifen and letrozole (200 mg/kg feed) to fingerlings of C. carpio and O. niloticus for 60 days brought about 82.5% and 98.5% masculinization with increased level of testosterone (T). Letrozole treatments to C. gariepinus significantly (p < 0.001) increased T level to 1197.76 ± 18.79 pg/ml when treatment was given through feed for 60 days and 1470.5 ± 20.76 pg/ml via intraperitoneal injection. There was significant deviation in sex ratio leading to high level of masculinization in different aquaculture species with treatments of hormones and AIs.

► 17αMT under long photoperiod (16L:8D) produced all male Oreochromis mossambicus.
► 17β Estradiol exposed Tor putitora fry fetched 69.5% female.
► Integrated hormonal and genetic methods demonstrated YY male and XX female.
► Letrozole and tamoxifen inhibited CYP19 fetched approximately 100% masculinization.
► CYP19 based sex determination in tilapia, carp and African catfish demonstrated.