Prevalence and distinguishing features of masked hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients

ObjectiveThe prevalence and clinical features of masked hypertension (MH) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM) were investigated to define clinical indices which may aid diagnosis and treatment.MethodsClinical blood pressure (CBP) and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) were measured in 856 T2DM patients to differentiate normotensive (NT), essential hypertensive (EH), and MH. Waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AC), body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio (WHtR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycated hemoglobin levels were measured and compared between BP groups.ResultsIn total, 359 patients had normal CBP, of which 13.37% were diagnosed with MH based on established criteria. Males had significantly higher rates of MH (15.30%) than females (11.36%) (P = 0.036). The MH detection rate increased with age and T2DM duration. There were no significant differences in BMI, WC or WHtR between total MH and EH groups. MH females, however, had lower BMIs than female EH females (P = 0.023). Smoking, alcohol, and familial EH history were lower in MH than EH patients (smoking, P = 0.029; alcohol ,P = 0.001; and EH history, P = 0.000), while BMI (male, P = 0.037, female, P = 0.015), WC (male, P = 0.012, female, P = 0.021), WHtR (P = 0.011), smoking (P = 0.016), and alcohol consumption (P = 0.000) were higher in MH than NT patients. BMI, WHtR, 6–15 year disease course of diabetes, smoking and alcoholism were independent risk factors of T2DM complicated with MH. The dipper BP circadian pattern was significantly lower in MH than NT patients (P = 0.001). The non-dipper pattern was lower in MH than EH (P = 0.018) but higher than in NT (P = 0.000).ConclusionsA significant fraction of T2DM patients were diagnosed with MH. Clinical presentation also contrasted sharply from EH, MH is a specific blood pressure status that may severely damage target organs in T2DM.