Time resolved structure analysis of growing β-amyloid fibers

Formation of β-amyloid plaques is a crucial feature of Alzheimer’s disease. In the present work time resolved static light scattering was applied to investigate the size and shape of growing β-amyloid aggregates preceding plaque formation. The β-amyloid protein with 40 amino acid residues was used. Salt free buffer solutions and solutions with 0.15 M NaCl at 37 °C served as the aggregation medium. The focus lay on the first 2 h following initiation of the aggregation process which corresponds to the protofibril phase. Addition of the NaCl accelerated the aggregation process considerably. Scattering data from aggregation in saline solutions indicated formation of long fibers which suggest interpretation of data with the worm-like chain model. Two important results were revealed: (i) At the end of the time resolved recordings, the worm-like chain model provided a fully adequate picture for the growing aggregates. Chain stiffness is characterised in terms of the persistence length, which is close to 50 nm. The linear mass density of the growing fibers approached a value of two monomers per nm corresponding to single stranded fibers, which is in accordance with presently existing models for the aggregation of β-amyloid. The fibers finally reached contour lengths of several thousand nanometers. (ii) The plateau values for the persistence length and linear mass density observed in the final regime are gradually approached from higher values. This observation is inconsistent with simple worm-like chains. Rather does it indicate existence of another species during the initial phase of the aggregation, in addition to monomers and fibers. Aside from further insight into fundamental aspects of β-amyloid aggregation, time resolved static light scattering provides an appropriate tool for assay tests with drugs designed to interfere with the aggregation process.