Recurrent Atrial Arrhythmia After Minimally Invasive Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation

Pulmonary vein conduction at the roof and the bottom of the pulmonary vein after pulmonary vein isolation is the dominant factor responsible for recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia. Left atrial-related flutter is a common form of arrhythmia.