Microscopic Residual Disease After Resection for Lung Cancer: A Multifaceted but Poor Factor of Prognosis

Long-term survival is possible in case of an R1 margin, but 5-year survival rates are jeopardized. Poor efficacy of adjuvant therapy and global outcome indicate advanced disease or reflect tumor cell aggressiveness, rather than surgical insufficiency, when prevention of R1 margins is guided by frozen-section examination and scrupulously respected.