The Retrograde Aortic Arch in the Hybrid Approach to Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Clinically important RAAO occurred in 24% of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients in this series. If RAAO is detected at birth or early interstage, a Norwood operation is now favored. Palliative interventional catheterization remains very important mid and late interstage for continuing the hybrid strategy toward comprehensive stage 2.