Thoracoscopic and Anatomic Landmarks of Kuntz's Nerve: Implications for Sympathetic Surgery

The low thoracoscopic detection rate of KNs may be due to the low color contrast of these small fibers. They have, however, most frequently concomitant subpleural veins that are easier to detect. These veins may serve as orientation landmarks of KNs and thus contribute to a more complete denervation improving the outcome of thoracoscopic sympathectomies.