Epicardial Pulmonary Vein Isolation: A Long-Term Histologic and Imaging Animal Study Comparing Cryothermy Versus Radiofrequency

Beating-heart PV isolation using epicardial cryothermy or radiofrequency ablation produces transmural lesions with complete electrical conduction block, with low or no risk of endocardial thrombosis or PV stenosis. This approach may be useful for PVI in selected patients with AF caused by PV triggers.