Intraoperative Epicardial Electrophysiologic Mapping and Isolation of Autonomic Ganglionic Plexi

Autonomic GPs can be routinely identified during AF surgery utilizing high-frequency stimulation. The GPs are clustered around the interatrial groove and the ligament of Marshall, and the cardiac response to GP stimulation can be eliminated with bipolar radiofrequency isolation. The addition of GP isolation to bilateral pulmonary vein isolation may increase freedom from AF.