Elevated Levels of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, a Marker of Alveolar Epithelial Type I Cell Injury, Predict Impaired Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Isolated Perfused Human Lungs

BackgroundAlthough alveolar epithelial injury is a major determinant of outcome in patients with acute lung injury, there is no reliable biological marker of alveolar epithelial injury. The primary objective was to determine whether elevated levels of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a marker of alveolar epithelial injury, reflect impaired alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in an ex vivo perfused human lung preparation. A second objective was to determine whether levels of a marker of endothelial injury, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), are associated with impaired AFC.MethodsHuman lungs (N = 30) declined for transplantation by the California Transplant Donor Network were perfused at a constant pulmonary artery pressure of 12 mm Hg. Following rewarming to 36°C, the lungs were inflated with a continuous positive airway pressure of 10 cm H2O. RAGE and vWF:Ag levels and AFC rates were then measured.ResultsThe rate of AFC was inversely correlated with RAGE levels in the alveolar fluid (p < 0.005). Similarly, the concentration of RAGE in the alveolar fluid was significantly higher in lungs with submaximal AFC, defined in a prespecified analysis as ≤ 14%/h, when compared with lungs with preserved AFC (median 0.82 vs 0.43 μg/mL; p < 0.05). In contrast, vWF:Ag levels did not correlate with the rate of AFC.ConclusionsRAGE may be a useful biological marker of alveolar epithelial injury and impaired AFC in donor lungs prior to transplant and perhaps in patients with acute lung injury.