Natural history of postoperative heart block in congenital heart disease: Implications for pacing intervention

After half a century of major progress in congenital heart disease management, atrioventricular conduction block continues to complicate 1–3% of surgical procedures. Unless treated with an implanted pacemaker, permanent postoperative heart block is associated with 28–100% mortality. Postoperative heart block often proves to be transient, typically resolving within 10 days of onset. The duration of postoperative heart block is widely used as a key determinant for permanent pacemaker implantation. Current professional pacemaker implantation guidelines are largely based on this criterion. However, available natural history data suggest that other factors, such as residual conduction system injury, likely play a role in increasingly recognized cases of very late postoperative mortality and morbidity in patients who have experienced transient postoperative heart block. As growing numbers of congenital heart disease patients survive into adulthood, and artificial pacemaking capabilities continue to improve, it might be necessary to reconsider and refine currently accepted pacing indications for postoperative heart block.