Immunohistochemistry Staining of C4d to Diagnose Antibody-mediated Rejection in Cardiac Transplantation

IHC staining for C4d has been suggested for the diagnosis of AMR. Our data suggest there is a high rate of background C4d staining, but endothelial staining correlates with poorer hemodynamics. Methods for IHC staining and interpretation need to be standardized for widespread use and clinical studies.