Leptin and insulin homeostasis in epilepsy: Relation to weight adverse conditions

SummaryDuring managing patients with epilepsy, there is a great risk of weight changes, particularly weight gain with some antiepileptic medications. Weight gain is not only a cosmetic problem that leads to non-compliance to medications but also increases the risk for atherosclerosis and its related complications. The mechanisms underlying weight gain in epilepsy are multiple and controversial and have been attributed to the effect of epilepsy and more commonly the effect of antiepileptic medications on the central and peripheral mechanisms regulating weight homeostasis including the two main homeostatic hormones, leptin, a protein product of obesity gene secreted by adipocytes and insulin, a protein product of pancreatic β-cells. Increased blood levels of leptin and insulin due to leptin and insulin resistance is observed in patients with epilepsy. Leptin forms an important link between weight gain, insulin resistance, epilepsy and atherosclerosis. The knowledge of the novel roles of leptin in patients with epilepsy will help identification of early markers for the related adverse weight changes, thus allowing proper characterization of suitable antiepileptic medication as initial step during management and follow up of patients.