CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Is Expressed Paravascularly in Apical Papilla and Coordinates with Stromal Cell–derived Factor-1α during Transmigration of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla

IntroductionStem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) at the apex may be attracted into the root canal space as a cell source for pulp-dentin regeneration. To test this possibility, we used in vitro transmigration models to investigate whether SCAPs can be chemoattracted by the delivery of the chemotactic cytokine stromal cell–derived factor-1α (SDF-1α).MethodsWe first examined the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) for SDF-1α in the apical papilla and in cultured SCAPs using immunofluorescence, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and flow cytometric analyses. A standard Transwell migration assay and a 3-dimensional cell migration assay were used to analyze transmigration of SCAPs via the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis.ResultsCXCR4 was expressed in the paravascular region of the apical papilla and detected in SCAP cultures. Most cultured SCAPs harbored intracellular CXCR4 (58%–99%, n = 4), whereas only a few cells had detectable CXCR4 on the cell surface (0.3%–2.34%, n = 4). Although SDF-1α had no significant effect on SCAP proliferation, it significantly promoted a higher number of migrated cells; this effect was abolished by anti-CXCR4 antibodies. Interestingly, cell surface CXCR4 on SCAPs was not detectable until after transmigration. The 3-dimensional migration assay revealed that SDF-1α significantly enhanced SCAP migration in the collagen gel.ConclusionsSCAPs can be chemoattracted via the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis, suggesting that SDF-1α may be used clinically to induce CXCR4-expressing SCAPs in the apical papilla to transmigrate into the root canal space as an endogenous cell source for pulp regeneration.