Kitlow Stem Cells Cause Resistance to Kit/Platelet-Derived Growth Factor α Inhibitors in Murine Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Background & AimsGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are related to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and often contain activating stem cell factor receptor (Kit) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (Pdgfra) mutations. Kit/Pdgfra inhibitors such as imatinib mesylate have increased progression-free survival in metastatic GIST but are not curative. In mouse models we investigated whether Kitlow ICC progenitors could represent an inherently Kit/Pdgfra inhibitor-resistant reservoir for GIST.MethodsIsolated KitlowCd44+Cd34+ cells were characterized after serial cloning. The tumorigenic potential of spontaneously transformed cells was investigated in nude mice. The KitlowCd44+Cd34+ cells' responsiveness to Kit activation and blockade was studied by enumerating them in KitK641E mice (a GIST model), in mice with defective Kit signaling, and pharmacologically.ResultsSingle isolated KitlowCd44+Cd34+ cells were clonogenic and capable of self-renewal and differentiation into ICC. In nude mice, spontaneously transformed cells formed malignant tumors expressing GIST markers. The KitlowCd44+Cd34+ cells were resistant to in vitro Kit blockade, including by imatinib, and occurred in normal numbers in mice with reduced Kit signaling. In KitK641E mice, the mutant ICC stem cells were grossly hyperplastic but remained imatinib-resistant. In contrast, the cancer stem, cell-targeting drug salinomycin blocked the proliferation of KitlowCd44+Cd34+ cells and increased their sensitivity to imatinib.ConclusionsKitlowCd44+Cd34+ progenitors are true stem cells for normal and hyperplastic ICC and give rise to GIST. Resistance to Kit/Pdgfra inhibitors is inherent in GIST and is caused by the native ICC stem cells' lack of dependence on Kit for survival, which is maintained after the acquisition of oncogenic Kit mutation. Cancer stem cell drugs may target these cells.