Gallstone Disease Is Associated With Increased Mortality in the United States

Background & AimsGallstones are common and contribute to morbidity and health care costs, but their effects on mortality are unclear. We examined whether gallstone disease was associated with overall and cause-specific mortalities in a prospective national population-based sample.MethodsWe analyzed data from 14,228 participants in the third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (20–74 years old) who underwent gallbladder ultrasonography from 1988 to 1994. Gallstone disease was defined as ultrasound-documented gallstones or evidence of cholecystectomy. The underlying cause of death was identified from death certificates collected through 2006 (mean follow-up, 14.3 years). Mortality hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to adjust for multiple demographic and cardiovascular disease risk factors.ResultsThe prevalence of gallstones was 7.1% and of cholecystectomy was 5.3%. During a follow-up period of 18 years or more, the cumulative mortality was 16.5% from all causes (2389 deaths), 6.7% from cardiovascular disease (886 deaths), and 4.9% from cancer (651 deaths). Participants with gallstone disease had higher all-cause mortality in age-adjusted (HR = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–1.5) and multivariate-adjusted analysis (HR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1–1.5). A similar increase was observed for cardiovascular disease mortality (multivariate-adjusted HR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2–1.7), and cancer mortality (multivariate-adjusted HR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.98–1.8). Individuals with gallstones had a similar increase in risk of death as those with cholecystectomy (multivariate-adjusted HR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.92–1.4).ConclusionsIn the US population, persons with gallstone disease have increased mortality overall and mortalities from cardiovascular disease and cancer. This relationship was found for both ultrasound-diagnosed gallstones and cholecystectomy.