Endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with noncirrhotic extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis: a long-term follow-up study

BackgroundEsophagogastric variceal bleeding is the most important complication of extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EPVT) and is usually treated endoscopically. Little is known about the prognosis of these patients.ObjectivesTo investigate the long-term clinical outcome and efficacy of endoscopic treatment in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingsSingle university center.PatientsTwenty-seven consecutive patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding, secondary to noncirrhotic, nonmalignant EPVT, who underwent endoscopic treatment between 1982 and 2005.InterventionsEndoscopic band ligation and/or endoscopic sclerotherapy.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe overall rebleeding risk, overall survival, complications of the endoscopic procedures, and predictive values of rebleeding. Analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate Cox regression.ResultsAll patients were followed-up after the first endoscopically treated variceal bleeding. A total of 241 endoscopic procedures were performed. In all patients, initial control of bleeding was obtained. The overall rebleeding risk was 23% (95% CI, 0%-24%) at 1 year and 37% (95% CI, 43%-83%) at 5 years. Extension of thrombosis into the splenic vein and the presence of fundal varices were significant predictors of rebleeding, with a nearly 5-fold increased risk for patients with EPVT and fundal varices at the time of the first variceal hemorrhage (hazard ratio 5.07, P = .01). A portosystemic shunt procedure was performed in 5 patients: 4 for variceal bleeding and in one patient for refractory ascites. Seven patients died, none from variceal bleeding. Overall 5-year and 10-year survivals were 100% and 62% (95% CI, 38%-96%), respectively.LimitationsRetrospective design.ConclusionsIn patients with variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT endoscopic treatment, in particular, band ligation appears safe and effective. EPVT-related mortality is primarily determined by other causes than variceal bleeding.