Cardioprotective Effect by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-6 through Late Preconditioning in Unstable Angina Patients

BackgroundIt has recently been demonstrated that upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines plays an important role in induction of the late preconditioning in rodent models. The aim of this study was to determine if there was a late preconditioning effect caused by higher proinflammatory cytokines in unstable angina patients.MethodsTNFα and IL-6 levels in plasma before surgery were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biopsies of right atrial tissue were obtained from patients with unstable and stable coronary artery disease in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery. The two main transcription factors involved in the late preconditioning nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were investigated by electromobility shift assay. The effector proteins in late preconditioning including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were evaluated by immunoblotting as candidates for possible endogenous cardioprotective agents. Cardioprotective effects were assessed by creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and cTnT leakage postoperatively.ResultsWe found parallel relationships between plasma cytokine levels, activated extent of transcription factors, expression quantities of effector proteins, and cardioprotective effects assessed by CK-MB and cTnT.ConclusionsUpregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines in plasma by unstable angina induces late preconditioning effects and shifts the myocardium to a preconditioned phenotype upon exposure to impending stress.