Personalised medicine: The cognitive side of patients

• Personalised medicine implies a new role for patients in the process of care.
• Patients need to be engaged and informed, in order to optimize treatment efficacy.
• Each patients' psycho-cognitive profile needs to be investigated and defined.
• Health professionals have a key role in widening patients' health literacy

BackgroundAlthough the fashion for the “personalised” or “stratified” approach to medicine is valuable in exploiting the omic signatures of the individual patient, too little attention has been paid to the influence of psychological and cognitive factors in the care process. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of those individual psycho-cognitive components in affecting how people act to prevent, cope and react to illness, decide about different therapeutic options, interact with health care providers, and adhere to treatment.MethodsWe reviewed the medical and psychological literature about the effect of cognitive and psychological dimensions on treatment efficacy, on patients' global satisfaction, and on treatment compliance.ResultsPsychological dimensions have been proved to impact on treatment efficacy, on patients' global satisfaction, and on compliance to treatment. However, there are substantial individual differences among patients; therefore, it is important that physicians recognise how to apply these general recommendations to each individual patient, alongside the omic information emerging from the molecular diagnostic laboratory.ConclusionThe exam of the current literature allows one to derive several strategies which can help health professionals to improve the patients' understanding of their disease and involvement in the whole care process.