Modeling teachers' influence on learners' self-directed use of technology for language learning outside the classroom

• Examined how teacher behaviors influence students' self-directed technology use for learning.
• Teachers influence through encouragement, recommendation and in-class technology use.
• Perceived usefulness mediated the impact of teachers' encouragement.
• Facilitating conditions mediated the impact of teachers' recommendations.
• Facilitating conditions mediated the impact of teachers' in-class technology use.

Teachers are important social agents who shape the quantity and quality of students' self-directed use of technology for learning outside the classroom. This study aimed to model the influence of teacher behaviors on learners' self-directed technology use. A conceptual model of three types of teacher support (affection support, capacity support and behavior support) that were reported to influence students' self-directed technology use for learning outside the classroom was generated based on interviews with 15 undergraduate foreign language learners. One hundred and sixty undergraduate foreign language learners were then surveyed to test the conceptual model. The path analysis of the survey data suggested that affection support influenced learner self-directed technology use through strengthened perceived usefulness, and that capacity support and behavior support influenced learner self-directed technology use through enhanced facilitating conditions and computer self-efficacy. The research findings highlight the importance of raising teachers' awareness of the different roles they can play and of enhancing their abilities to perform a combination of the roles to promote learner self-directed use of technology for learning outside the classroom.