Integrating mobile multimedia into textbooks: 2D barcodes

The major goal of this study was to empirically compare text-plus-mobile phone learning using an integrated 2D barcode tag in a printed text with three other conditions described in multimedia learning theory. The method examined in the study involved modifications of the instructional material such that: a 2D barcode was used near the text, the learner scanned the tag with the camera on his/her mobile phone and reached the animation and narration on the mobile phone's screen. Using this method, we created a new approach that reinforces printed textbooks, which had the poorest retention and transfer results. The results suggest that supporting a printed textbook with camera-equipped mobile devices and 2D barcodes linked to supplemental information, may increase the effectiveness of learning.

► Students still prefer textbooks rather than e-books.
► Printed materials are supported and reinforced using 2D barcodes.
► Mobile multimedia can facilitate meaningful and deeper learning.
► Mobile phones have the potential to enhance learning.