A course is a course is a course: Factor invariance in student evaluation of online, blended and face-to-face learning environments

The authors compared the underlying student response patterns to an end-of-course rating instrument for large student samples in online, blended and face-to-face courses. For each modality, the solution produced a single factor that accounted for approximately 70% of the variance. The correlations among the factors across the class formats showed that they were identical. The authors concluded that course modality does not impact the dimensionality by which students evaluate their course experiences. The inability to verify multiple dimensions for student evaluation of instruction implies that the boundaries of a typical course are beginning to dissipate. As a result, the authors concluded that end-of-course evaluations now involve a much more complex network of interactions.

► The study models student satisfaction in the online, blended, and face-to-face course modalities.
► The course models vary technology involvement.
► Image analysis produced single dimension solutions.
► The solutions were identical across modalities.