Cardiac symptoms

Despite the large range of investigations that are now available for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, a good clinical history remains the clinician’s most valuable diagnostic tool. A key objective of history-taking is to establish a clear description of the presenting symptom, and to detect any pattern to episodes of the symptom. Although this contribution focuses on cardiac symptoms, helpful supportive information is often found by paying attention to the previous medical history, medication and the social history. The various causes of chest pain and angina are discussed in this article. Other symptoms discussed include breathlessness, palpitation, dizziness and syncope and psychological problems.