The role of self-efficacy in vascular risk factor management: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveGiven the large number of patients at high risk of vascular events, new strategies are needed to reduce vascular risk. We investigated whether self-efficacy promotion could change self-efficacy levels in patients with vascular diseases and whether baseline self-efficacy and changes in self-efficacy were related to changes in vascular risk factors.MethodsOne hundred fifty-three recently referred patients with symptomatic vascular diseases (cerebrovascular, abdominal, or peripheral arterial) participated in a randomized trial investigating the effect of nursing care, as compared with usual care, on vascular risk factors. Nursing care consisted of self-efficacy promotion and medical treatment of vascular risk factors. Self-efficacy and vascular risk factors (smoking, BMI, waist, blood pressure, lipid, and glucose levels) were measured at baseline and after 1 year.ResultsWhile total self-efficacy did not change over the 1-year intervention period in either treatment group, self-efficacy in choosing healthy food (mean +0.4 ± 1.4, p-value 0.01) and in doing extra exercise (mean +0.3 ± 1.3, p-value 0.03) increased in the intervention group. No relation was seen between baseline total self-efficacy or change in composite self-efficacy and change in vascular risk factors.ConclusionThe nursing intervention did not influence total self-efficacy but did improve self-efficacy in choosing healthy food and doing extra exercise. Change in composite self-efficacy was not related to change in vascular risk factors in patients at high risk of developing (new) cardiovascular diseases.Practice implicationsInfluencing self-efficacy in choosing healthy food and doing extra exercise could be incorporated in vascular risk reduction programs in addition to medical treatment of vascular risk factors.